These tissues are all innervated by fibers from the pterygopalatine and superior cervical ganglia. Autonomic regulation of ciliary body blood vessels and the ciliary epithelium is an important determinant of aqueous humor formation autonomic regulation of the trabecular meshwork and episcleral blood vessels is an important determinant of aqueous humor outflow. Intraocular pressure is regulated primarily through the balance of aqueous humor formation and outflow. In mammals, this vasculature is innervated by vasodilatory fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and by vasoconstrictive fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct autonomic influences on the vasculature of the optic nerve, choroid, ciliary body, and iris, as well as via indirect influences on retinal blood flow. Superior cervical ganglion neurons project to the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris to control pupil dilation. Ciliary ganglion neurons project to the ciliary body and the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris to control ocular accommodation and pupil constriction, respectively. It does this by way of parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia, and by way of sympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the superior cervical ganglion. The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions.
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